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Pathology | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
- Mechanism
- Dry (nonexudative)
- Wet (exudative)
- Signs and Symptoms
- Scotomas
- Blurred, Darkened Vision
- Loss of Central Vision
- Distortion of Vision
- Considerations
- Drug Therapy
- Surgery
- Low-vision Assistive Devices
2 mins
Detached Retina
- Assessment
- Flashes of Light
- Floaters
- Curtain Like Shadow
- Interventions
- Eye Patch
- Bed Rest
- Surgical Emergency
- Considerations
- No Vigorous Activity
2 mins
Cataract
- Mechanism
- Age-related
- Assessment
- No Pain
- Cloudy Opaque Lens
- Decreased Visual Acuity
- Occurs Gradually
- Treatment
- Surgery
1 min
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Etiologies
- Hypercoagulability
- Hypertension
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Clinical Features
- Non-Ischemic
- Mild to Moderate Vision Loss
- Sparse Dot-blot and Flame Hemorrhages
- Ischemic
- Sudden, Painless Vision Loss
- "Blood and Thunder" Appearance
- Cotton Wool Spots
- Papilledema
- Interventions
- Observation if Non-Ischemic
- Laser Photocoagulation
- VEGF Inhibitors
3 mins
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
- Etiology
- Atherosclerosis
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
- Clinical Features
- Sudden Painless Monocular Vision Loss
- Descending Curtain
- Fundoscopic Findings
- Retinal Plaques
- Grayish Retinal Discoloration
- Cherry Red Spot on Macula
- Diagnosis
- Ultrasound
- Interventions
- Ocular Massage
- Reduce Intraocular Pressure
3 mins
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
- ETIOLOGY
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
- Mechanism
- CN VI Nucleus
- CN III Nucleus
2 mins
Horner Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Sympathetic Disruption
- Hypothalamus
- Ciliospinal Center
- Superior Cervical Ganglion
- Ocular Muscles
- Clinical Triad
- Ptosis
- Anhidrosis
- Miosis
- Diagnosis
- Diagnosis by Clinical Impression
- MRI
- Management
- Treat Underlying Disorders
3 mins
Hypertensive Retinopathy
- Etiology
- Chronic Hypertension
- Fundoscopic Findings
- Flame Hemorrhages
- Arteriovenous Nicking
- Retinal Microaneurysms
- Cotton Wool Spots
- Macular Star
- Papilledema
- Treatment
- Lower Blood Pressure
2 mins
Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Characteristics
- Hereditary Retinal Degeneration
- Clinical Features
- Night Blindness
- Contrast and Color Defects
- Tunnel Vision
- Associations
- Abetalipoproteinemia
- Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
- Refsum Disease
- Diagnosis
- Bone Spicule-shaped Retinal Deposits
- Considerations
- Permanent Blindness
2 mins
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
- Characteristics
- Mitochondrial Disease
- Optic Atrophy
- Adolescent Males
- Symptoms/Findings
- Painless Vision Loss
1 min
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Characteristics
- Increased Capillary Permeability and Leakage
- Often Asymptomatic
- Fundoscopic Findings
- Retinal Microaneurysms
- Flame-shaped Hemorrhages
- Cotton Wool Spots
- Hard Exudates
- Macular Edema
- Management
- Treat Diabetes
- Laser Photocoagulation
- Bevacizumab
3 mins
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Characteristics
- Angiogenesis
- Increased VEGF
- Asymptomatic Until Late-stage
- Fundoscopic Findings
- Vitreous Hemorrhage
- Retinal Detachment
- Glaucoma
- Findings of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Management
- Laser Photocoagulation
- Surgery
- Bevacizumab
2 mins
Nystagmus
- Pathophysiology
- Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) Dysfunction
- Vestibular Injury
- Signs & Symptoms
- Concussion
- Upbeating or Horizontal Beating Eyes
- Oscillopsia
- Diagnosis
- HINTS (Head Impulse-Nystagmus-Test of Skew)
- History Examination
- INFARCT (Impulse Normal Fast-phase Alternating Refixation on Cover Test)
- Visual Acuity Test
- Treatment
- Brandt-Daroff Maneuver
- Epley Maneuver
- Baclofen
- Considerations
- Congenital vs Acquired
4 mins
Common Eye Disorders
- Common Eye Disorders
- Conjunctivitis
- Refractive Errors
- Presbyopia
- Cataract
- Glaucoma
- Uveitis
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Retinal Detachment
- Leukocoria
- Cranial Nerve Palsies
4 mins
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